Marsupialization as an alternative to reconstruction in endoscopic skull base surgery. How I do it.

BACKGROUND: To treat extradural solid-cystic lesions of the ventral skull base, a pedicled nasoseptal flap (NSF) maintains patency of the marsupialized cavity and prevents restenosis and cyst recurrence. METHODS: The authors provide a step-by-step description of the surgical technique valid in different lesions of the skull base, all treated via the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA). The application is demonstrated by an operative video. CONCLUSION: In selected lesions, endoscopic marsupialization using an NSF ensures drainage and ventilation of the surgical cavity. Re-epithelialization provided by a pedicled flap is a viable alternative to multilayer skull base reconstruction.

Endoscopic transventricular approach for the resection of a hemorrhagic cavernous malformation of the tectal plate: Operative video.

Background: Cavernomas of the third ventricle are rare entities that provide significant therapeutic challenges. Because of the better view of the surgical field and the possibility to achieve a gross total resection (GTR), microsurgical approaches are more commonly used to target the third ventricle. Endoscopic transventricular approaches (ETVA), on the other hand, are minimally invasive procedures that can afford a straight corridor trough the lesion, avoiding bigger craniotomies. Moreover, these approaches have shown lower infectious risks and shorter hospitalization times. Case Description: A 58-year-old female patient accessed the Emergency Department complaining of headache, vomiting, mental confusion, and syncopal episodes for the past 3 days. An urgent brain computed tomography scan revealed a hemorrhagic lesion of the third ventricle, conditioning triventricular hydrocephalus, so an external ventricular drainage (EVD) was placed in an emergency setting. An magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a 10 mm diameter hemorrhagic cavernous malformation originating from the superior tectal plate. An ETVA was performed for the cavernoma resection, followed by an endoscopic third ventriculostomy. After proving shunt independence, the EVD was removed. No clinical nor radiological complications were assisted in the postoperative period, so the patient was discharged 7 days after. The histopathological examination was consistent with cavernous malformation. An immediate postoperative MRI showed GTR of the cavernoma with a little clot around the surgical cavity, which appeared completely reabsorbed 4 months later. Conclusion: ETVA provides a straight corridor to the third ventricle, excellent visualization of the relevant anatomical structures, safe resection of the lesion, and treatment of the concomitant hydrocephalus by ETV.

Simulation and virtual reality in intracranial aneurysms neurosurgical training: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: The recent emphasis on simulation-based training in neurosurgery has led to the development of many simulation models and training courses. We aimed to identify the currently available simulators and training courses for neurovascular surgery and endovascular interventions to assess their validity and determine their effectiveness to suggest widespread applicability in educational curricula. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Literature research was performed on academic databases for English language articles that validate simulation or virtual reality intracranial aneurysm models. Studies for neurosurgery and interventional neuroradiology published between January 2011 and January 2021 were included. Each study was assessed according to the Medical Education Research Quality Instrument. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Between January 2011 and January 2021, 44 articles were screened and 12 were identified to be included in our research. The study involved 177 trainers. Participant trainers' characteristics reveal sensible homogeneity between studies. All studies reported a significant improvement in technical outcomes after simulator or virtual reality training. The Medical Education Research Quality Instrument average rate from 12 studies was M=11.7 (range: 8.5-14.5). CONCLUSIONS: Nowadays, the training of a medical doctor in the neurovascular field benefits from modern methods like simulators and virtual reality. With the advent of increasing neurosurgery simulators and training instruments, there is a need for more validity studies. More training tools incorporating full-immersion simulation are recommended to develop a standardized learning curve in neurovascular procedures.